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R. Vijendra Rao , P. Kumar , R. Sudheendra , S. R. Shukla , S. K. Sharma

Abstract

Culms representing before, during and after flowering phases were subjected to testing for certain strength properties in round and split forms. Round bamboo showed higher values in compression parallel to grain in culms before flowering phase, while static bending values were higher in culms during flowering phase. In split bamboo, strength properties (maximum crushing strength and static bending) were more in culms of after flowering (air-dry) phase than before and during flowering phase (green).

Keywords

Bambusa bambos, Culms, Strength Properties, Gregarious Flowering

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P. Kumar , S. R. Shukla , R. Sudheendra , M. Sujatha , S. Shashikala , S. K. Sharma , A. K. Sethy , R. Vijendra Rao

Abstract

Based on tests conducted on small clear specimens of timber, the physical and mechanical properties of E. citriodora are reported and discussed. The safe working stresses and suitable indices have also been evaluated and compared with those of Tectona grandis. Based on suitability coefficients, E. citriodora has been recommended for utilization for several end uses.

Keywords

Eucalyptus citriodora, Physical and Mechanical Properties

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Sila Tripati ¹, S. R. Shukla ², S. Shashikala ², Areef Sardar ¹

Affiliations
1 CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, IN
2 Wood Properties and Uses Division, Institute of Wood Science and Technology, Malleswaram, Bengaluru 560 003, IN

Abstract

One of the greatest achievements of man is the design and development of a variety of watercraft suitable for marine and riverine purposes and safer for the environment. From ancient times, timber was the main component for the construction of these crafts, until it was replaced by iron/steel. As the size of the vessels increased to accommodate more cargo and overseas trade became more frequent, superior quality timber was used in the construction of vessels. Among the timbers used, teak was mostly preferred for building boats and ships. Many ships have been explored and excavated, and the timber used has been identified, but a detailed microstructural analysis has not been presented. The Cara Merchant or Quedagh Merchant ship, built in Surat, Gujarat, India was pirated by Captain Kidd, and subsequently wrecked off the southeast coast of the Dominican Republic in 1699. Indiana University, USA, carried out exploration to locate Cara Merchant. This communication presents a comparative study of the anatomical analysis of the microstructure of a wood sample with the wood from the wrecked Cara Merchant. This study is an attempt to support the use of teak in boat and shipbuilding as mentioned in the literature.

Keywords

Scanning Electron Microscope, Shipbuilding, Shipwreck, Teak, Wood Anatomy.

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Sila Tripati ¹, S. R. Shukla ², S. Shashikala ², Areef Sardar ¹

Affiliations
1 CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, IN
2 Wood Properties and Engineered Wood Division, Institute of Wood Science & Technology, Malleswaram, Bengaluru 560 003, IN

Abstract

One of the greatest achievements of man is the invention of watercraft which has been used from the prehistoric period onwards. Over the centuries, varieties of watercraft were designed and developed. Timber was the main component required for construction of boats and ships since ancient times until it was replaced by iron or steel. Once the size and carrying capacity of vessels was enhanced and overseas trade became more frequent, superior quality of timber was used for building boats and ships which were seaworthy. Probably, the Ashtadhyayi of Panini (5th century BC) is the oldest Indian literary work mentioning the use of a variety of timbers. Timber species such as teak (Tectona grandis), sal (Shorea robusta), sissoo (Dalbergia sissoo), benteak (Lagestroemia microcarpa), etc. were used in shipbuilding. Among these, teakwood has been termed as most valued on account of its noble qualities, specifically, long-term durability, higher strength and stiffness and absence of development of cracks and splits in the products. Most of the Indian literature as well as travellers have mentioned about the worthiness of teak, but there are no studies to corroborate the accounts. In a later period, the Europeans understood the superiority of teakwood which resulted in slow replacement of traditionally used oak and pine by teak in shipbuilding. The European rulers imposed several restrictions and permissions were not granted for the use of teak by the natives; while on the contrary, the Europeans mostly built their ships from teakwood. This has been confirmed from shipwrecks found around the world. Abundant references are found in literature on the use of teakwood in shipbuilding. There are not many studies related to use of teak in shipbuilding to confirm the statements made in literature, nor timber samples collected from many shipwrecks and archaeological sites analysed. Most of the references to teakwood available in literature as well as wrecks of teakwood-built ships explored so far are referred to in this note.

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